Precauções para linfedema em mulheres acometidas por câncer de mama pós esvaziamento axilar: revisão de escopo / Precautions against lymphedema in women with breast cancer after axillary dissection: scoping review / Precauciones para el linfedema em mujeres com câncer de mama después del vaciamento axilar: revision de alcance

Objetivo: identificar e mapear estratégias preconizadas para prevenção de linfedema em pacientes submetidas a esvaziamento axilar em tratamento do câncer de mama. Método: revisão de escopo realizada em agosto de 2019 considerando oito bases de dados e oito bases da literatura cinzenta. A amostra final foi composta por 13 artigos, selecionados de acordo com critérios de elegibilidade. Resultados: os estudos foram predominantemente randomizados, com nível de evidência 1a, e realizados na América do Norte. Medidas preventivas tradicionalmente utilizadas, como limitar exercícios com carga ou evitar punção venosa e aferição de pressão arterial, não se demonstraram efetivas em nenhum dos estudos encontrados. Foi evidenciado como medida preventiva o controle dos fatores de risco modificáveis associados ao linfedema: IMC elevado (> 25 kg/m2 ) e quimioterapia administrada no braço ipsilateral. Conclusões: não foram apresentadas evidências significativas para medidas cotidianamente preconizadas na prevenção do linfedema, e fatores de risco modificáveis se destacaram entre os riscos para seu desenvolvimento.

Objective: to identify and map strategies recommended for prevention of lymphedema in patients after axillary dissection during breast cancer treatment. Method: this scoping review was conducted in August 2019 across eight databases and eight gray literature data sources. The final sample comprised 13 journal articles that met eligibility criteria. Results: the studies, most of which were randomized, conducted in North America, and offered Level 1a evidence. None of the studies reviewed found traditionally employed preventive measures, such as limiting weight training or avoiding venipuncture and blood pressure measurements, to be effective. Evidence indicated that controlling modifiable lymphedema-related risk factors ­ namely high BMI (> 25 kg/m²) and chemotherapy administration in the ipsilateral arm ­ was a preventive measure. Conclusion: no significant evidence was reported for traditionally recommended preventive measures against lymphedema, and modifiable factors figured prominently among risk factors for lymphedema.

Objetivo: identificar y mapear las estrategias recomendadas para la prevención del linfedema en pacientes después de una disección axilar durante el tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Método: esta revisión de alcance se realizó en agosto de 2019 en ocho bases de datos y ocho fuentes de datos de literatura gris. La muestra final comprendió 13 artículos de revistas que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Resultados: los estudios, la mayoría de los cuales fueron aleatorios, se realizaron en Norteamérica y ofrecieron evidencia de Nivel 1a. Ninguno de los estudios revisados encontró que las medidas preventivas empleadas tradicionalmente, como limitar el entrenamiento con pesas o evitar la punción venosa y las mediciones de la presión arterial, sean efectivas. La evidencia indicó que el control de los factores de riesgo relacionados con el linfedema modificables, a saber, un IMC alto (> 25 kg / m²) y la administración de quimioterapia en el brazo ipsilateral, era una medida preventiva. Conclusión: no se informó evidencia significativa de las medidas preventivas recomendadas tradicionalmente contra el linfedema, y los factores modificables figuraron de manera prominente entre los factores de riesgo para el linfedema.

Comparative expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and Ki67 in amelanotic and conventional oral melanomas

BACKGROUND: Oral melanomas have some histopathological resemblance with its cutaneous counterpart; howev-er, an aggressive behavior is more common in tumors that occur in the oral cavity. Several markers have been suggested as indicative of tumoral progression and aggressiveness, such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and Ki67. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, we have compared the expression of COX-2 and Ki67 in a series of amelanotic (n = 7) and melanotic oral melanomas (n = 22). The cases were selected from 4 pathology laboratories and sub-mitted to the immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions. We analyzed the IHC staining based on a qualitative - using visual scores; and a computer-assisted method (quantitative) using scanned slides and software for digital analysis. RESULTS: COX-2 was expressed in all oral melanomas; however, its intensity was significantly higher in the amelanotic ones (P < 0.001). Similarly, a high Ki67-positivity index was observed in the amelanotic than melanotic ones (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we suggest that amelanotic oral melanomas have marked pro-inflammatory and high-proliferative phenotype, justifying their more aggressive behavior compared with the melanotic ones

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